TLR Signaling in the Gut in Health and Disease1

By M. Abreu, M. Fukata, M. Arditi. Journal of Immunology, 2005

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The Vagus Nerve at the Interface of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2018, background): “EECs detect signals from microbiota through toll-like receptors (TLR) which recognize bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and others (Abreu et al., 2005), and are expressed by EECs (Bogunovic et al., 2007), or receptors for microbiota metabolites such as SCFAs (Samuel et al., 2008).”
Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. (2019, background): “casei CRL 431 has similar effects in mice infected with Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (134, 135).”
Lipopolysaccharide causes an increase in intestinal tight junction permeability in vitro and in vivo by inducing enterocyte membrane expression and localization of TLR-4 and CD14. (2013, background): “To assess the in vivo effects of LPS, we also developed an in vivo mouse model of LPS modulation of intestinal barrier function, which closely recapitulates the plasma LPS levels reported in the clinical studies.11e13,24e27 To establish the appropriate LPS dose to 385 use in the in vivo studies, mic”
The gut flora as a forgotten organ (2006, background): “TLRs and NOD proteins are expressed by surface enterocytes and dendritic cells (Abreu et al, 2005), and in the gut PRRs seem to be crucial for bacterial–host communication.”