Practice and Forgetting Effects on Vocabulary Memory: An Activation-Based Model of the Spacing Effect

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Teaching Multiple Concepts to Forgetful Learners (2018, methodology): “Power-law and exponential functions are two popular ways of modeling the forgetting curve (for detailed discussion, see [27, 41, 24, 40]).”
Spacing and Testing Effects: A Deeply Critical, Lengthy, and At Times Discursive Review of the Literature (2010, background): “…presentations show superior consolidation when the same neurons are repeatedly activated, suggesting the second and subsequent presentations would show slower forgetting over time—a result consistent with several mathematical models of the spacing effect (Pavlik & Anderson, 2005; Reed, 1977).”
Teaching Multiple Concepts to a Forgetful Learner (2018, methodology): “Optimal scheduling with spaced repetition models [13] and [17] studied the ACT-R model and the MCM model respectively for the optimal review scheduling problem: the goal is to maximize a learner’s retention through an intelligent review scheduler.”
Knowledge Tracing: A Survey (2022, background): “In addition to these, psychological studies about the learning behavior [79] and forgetting behavior [53] of students have also suggested additional factors, such as the time lapse between a student’s diferent interactions and the number of times on practicing learning materials, to be considered wh”