Pushed out or pulled in? Self-employment among ethnic minorities in England and Wales

By Kenneth Clark, Stephen Drinkwater. 2000

510 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Economics and Econometrics, Management of Technology and Innovation, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/60827ce845f49d2c8955c16445c2c831be02d79b

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Citations in the corpus

Institutions and the prevalence of nonstandard employment (2015, background): “Economic growth can ‘pull’ individuals into starting a new business; poor economic conditions, by contrast, tend to ‘push’ individuals into self-employment, despite the fact that they would rather be in dependent employment (e.g. Storey, 1991; Meager, 1992; Blanchflower, 2000; Clark and Drinkwater, ”
Understanding the challenges of refugee entrepreneurship in tourism and hospitality (2019, background): “…Alrawadieh Zaid_rawadieh@yahoo.com Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34452, Turkey higher among foreigners than natives (Clark & Drinkwater, 2000; Fairlie & Woodruff, 2004), and that entrepreneurs belonging to minority ethnic groups are generally more successful…”
Gender factors and female entrepreneurship: International evidence and policy implications (2010, background): “However, others have also suggested that wage discrimination in paid employment reduces the opportunity cost of self-employment, making it a more attractive option for women and other discriminated against minorities (Clark and Drinkwater 2000).”
Self-Employment of Immigrants: A Cross-National Study of 17 Western Societies (2005, background): “…is argued that “push” and “pull” factors at the macro level determine the decision at the micro level to be self-employed or not (Bates 1997; Clark and Drinkwater 2000; Evans 1989; Maxim 1992).1 Push factors refer to immigrants’ labor-market obstacles, often in the form of employer…”
Language Proficiency and Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK (2003, unknown): “A number of recent studies analyse various aspects of labour market behavoiur of ethnic minorities, and compare outcomes with those of the majority population; see Blackaby et al. (1994, 1997) and Clark and Drinkwater (2000) .”
Immigration and Entrepreneurship (2015, background): “Previous research documents that business ownership is higher among the foreign-born than the native-born in many developed countries such as the US, UK, Canada, and Australia (Borjas, 1986; Clark and Drinkwater, 2000, 2006; Lofstrom, 2002; Schuetze andAntecol, 2007; Fairlie et al., 2010).”
An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship: Policies, Institutions and Culture (2002, background): “On the other hand, Clark and Drinkwater (2000) argue that immigrants living in areas with a high percentage of their own ethnic group are less likely to become self-employed as they are separated from native values, norms and way of doing business complicating adjustment and venture creation.”
Matching opportunities with resources: A framework for analysing (migrant) entrepreneurship from a mixed embeddedness perspective (2010, background): “They have to be pushed to these vacancy-chain openings by sheer discrimination (excluded from the job market or being offered lower wages) or, more generally, by high rates of unemployment (Hayter 1997 ; Esping-Andersen 1999 ; Clarke and Drinkwater 2000 ).”
Immigrants in the British Labour Market (2005, methodology): “Clark and Drinkwater (1998) use the General Household Survey (GHS) and the FNSEM (Clark and Drinkwater (2000)).”
Immigrant entrepreneurship in America: Evidence from the survey of business owners 2007 & 2012 (2020, unknown): “1 Examples include (Borjas, 1986; Clark and Drinkwater, 2000; 2006; Fairlie and Meyer, 2003; Fairlie et al., 2010; Kerr and Kerr, 2011; 2017; Lofstrom, 2002; Lofstrom et al., 2014; Schuetze and Antecol, 2007) and Brown et al.”
Immigrant entrepreneurship on the move: a longitudinal analysis of first- and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurship in the Netherlands (2013, background): “Opportunities in the salaried labour market are important determinants not only for self-employment decisions (i.e. Barrett, Jones, andMcEvoy 1996; Clark and Drinkwater 2000; Constant and Zimmermann 2006; Thompson, Jones-Evans, and Kwong 2010) but also for the business success of migrants.”
Poverty and ethnicity in the UK (2007, background): “For minority ethnic groups, selfemployment can be a response to lack of opportunities and represent a ‘constraint’ rather than a choice (Clark and Drinkwater, 1998; Clark and Drinkwater, 2000).”
Intergenerational transmissions in immigrant self-employment: Evidence from three generations (2010, background): “(1996), Fairlie (1999), Clark and Drinkwater (2000) and Hammarstedt and Shukur (2008).”
Start-Up Subsidies for the Unemployed: Long-Term Evidence and Effect Heterogeneity (2011, background): “Additionally, self-employment might also be an alternative for individuals who are potentially discriminated in dependent employment, for example if their work is not valued high enough (see Clark and Drinkwater, 2000, for some evidence regarding ethnic minorties in the UK).”
Entrepreneurship in the UK (2007, unknown): “Clark and Drinkwater (2000) also reported that, based on the 1991 Census of Population, self-employment rates for blacks in England and Wales were 5.”
Immigrant Self-Employment (2009, background): “There is ample research in sociology, as well as in economics, which considers the impact of social capital on immigrant self-employment (Bates, 1997; Clark & Drinkwater, 2000; Flap, Kumcu, & Bulder, 2000; Waldinger et al., 2006).”