ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES IN THE UNITED STATES

By D. Pimentel, Lori Lach, R. Zúñiga, D. Morrison. 1999

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A hotspot of non-native marine fishes: evidence for the aquarium trade as an invasion pathway (2004, background): “Such ecological shifts can damage regional economies (Pimentel et al. 1999).”
Land-use and socio-economic correlates of plant invasions in European and North African countries (2001, unknown): “It also incurs important economic costs ( Pimentel et al., 2000 ).”
Protectionism, Trade, and Measures of Damage from Exotic Species Introductions (2003, unknown): “species on the US’s list of endangered species (Pimental et al. 1999), it is apparent that invasives related damages to non-agricultural assets are also substantial.”
Quantitative Policy Analysis of Sanitary, Phytosanitary and Technical Barriers to Trade (2001, background): “6. It is difficult to base sound economic analysis on estimates that are subject to controversies; a general estimate has been made of US$138 billion/year lost due to all invasive species -over 50,000- that have entered the United States (see Pimentel et al., 2000; and Mumford, 2000).”
Direct and indirect effects of alien insect herbivores on ecological processes and interactions in forests of eastern North America (2010, background): “The economic impact has been estimated at billions of US dollars each year through loss of forest products, reforestation efforts, management efforts, removal and disposal of hazard trees in urban areas, and loss of livelihood of local communities (Pimentel et al. 2000; Sydnor et al. 2007).”
Species Richness and Patterns of Invasion in Plants, Birds, and Fishes in the United States* (2006, background): “It is estimated that more than 6500 species have been introduced in the USA since European settlement (Williams and Meffe 1998), with economic costs estimated to be greater than $137 billion/year (Pimentel et al. 1999).”
The impact of invasive fungi on agricultural ecosystems in the United States (2008, unknown): “Some reports estimate that up to 65% or an estimated $21 billion per year of crops are lost in the United States (U.S.) due to introduced plant pathogens ( Pimental et al. 2002, 2005 .”
Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions (2001, background): “Most weeds are accidentally introduced with crop seeds, from ship-ballast soil, or from various imported plant materials (Pimentel et al., 2000).”