Molecular spandrels: tests of adaptation at the genetic level

By R. Barrett, H. Hoekstra. Nature reviews genetics, 2011

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Climate change, adaptation, and phenotypic plasticity: the problem and the evidence (2014, background): “Limitations here are that it can be difficult to ascertain the relative contributions of selection as opposed to other factors (e.g., population structure and recombination), and when the past selection took place (Barrett and Hoekstra 2011; Nachman and Payseur 2012).”
Testing for Associations between Loci and Environmental Gradients Using Latent Factor Mixed Models (2012, background): “The intensity of natural selection commonly varies in space, and can result in gene-environment interactions that have measurable eﬀects on ﬁtness (e.g. [8]).”
Putting the landscape into the genomics of trees: approaches for understanding local adaptation and population responses to changing climate (2013, background): “These results affirm the recommendation of Barrett and Hoekstra (2011) that multiple approaches are really essential.”
Finding the Genomic Basis of Local Adaptation: Pitfalls, Practical Solutions, and Future Directions (2016, positive): “Functional validation involves a quantitative comparison of ﬁ tness or a trait in individuals with or without the allele(s) of interest in an appropriate environment (Barrett and Hoekstra 2011; Savolainen et al. 2013).”