Emotional Reactions to Verbal Irony

By John S. Leggitt, Raymond W. Gibbs Jr.. 2000

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Recognizing Verbal Irony in Spontaneous Speech (2002, background): “In fact, different forms of ironic speech can communicate different emotional messages (Leggitt & Gibbs, 2000).”
Irony comprehension: A developmental perspective (2013, background): “Example 1 (Leggitt & Gibbs 2000: 23) You are going with a group of friends to a movie.”
Children's Perceptions of the Social Functions of Verbal Irony (2003, background): “Psycholinguists suggest that verbal irony is used to achieve complex social and communicative goals (Kreuz & Roberts, 1995; Leggit & Gibbs, 2000 ).”
When Sarcasm Stings (2011, background): “Communicative goals of speaking sarcastically that are supported by empirical research include being humorous (Dress, Kreuz, Link, & Caucci, 2008; Lampert & Ervin-Tripp, 2006; Leggitt & Gibbs, 2000), building rapport, ingroup identification (Colston, 1997), and mocking (Toplak & Katz, 2000).”
The highest form of intelligence: Sarcasm increases creativity for both expressers and recipients (2015, background): “…may reduce positive mood and exacerbate negative mood, with recipients suffering more than expressers (e.g., Bowes & Katz, 2011; Colston, 1997; Leggitt & Gibbs, 2000; Pexman & Olineck, 2002).1 Other research indicates that sarcasm can boost positive mood and alleviate negative mood for both…”