The persistent radical effect: a principle for selective radical reactions and living radical polymerizations.

By H. Fischer. Chemical Reviews, 2001

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Photomediated controlled radical polymerization (2016, neutral): “[12, 13] Several procedures with low catalyst loading below”
Synthesis of functional polymers with controlled architecture by CRP of monomers in the presence of cross-linkers: From stars to gels (2009, background): “Both NMP and ATRP are controlled by the persistent radical effect (PRE) [33–35], which describes the procedure for self-regulation of the concentration of active radicals.”
Nanostructured functional materials prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (2009, background): “Each termination step leads to irreversible transformation of two equivalents of the activator (Cu I L m in copper-mediated ATRP) into the higher-oxidation-state deactivating complex (XCu II L m ); the resulting accumulation of deactivator follows a peculiar kinetic power low — according to the”