Robustness of multi-modal biometric verification systems under realistic spoofing attacks

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Security Evaluation of Pattern Classifiers under Attack (2014, background): “the fake traits; however, this is a challenging research issue on its own, that is out of the scope of this work, and part of the authors’ ongoing work [47], [48].”
Evaluation of serial and parallel multibiometric systems under spoofing attacks (2012, methodology): “However, some recent works [13, 12, 10, 3, 5, 7] have questioned the validity of this belief, and have empirically shown that spoofing only one trait is sufficient to evade a parallel multi-modal system.”
Security evaluation of biometric authentication systems under real spoofing attacks (2012, methodology): “We experimented here on the two data sets used in [5], called the Photo Attack and the Personal Photo Attack data sets, plus a recently published data set called the Print Attack database [4, 6].”