To engage or not to engage in corporate social responsibility: Empirical evidence from global banking sector

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ESG and financial performance of banks in the MENAT region: concavity–convexity patterns (2021, background): “Loans to total deposits ratio (LOANDEP): It reflects the share of loans funded by deposits (Shen et al. 2016; Wu and Shen 2013).”
Banks and environmental, social and governance drivers: Follow the market or the authorities? (2021, methodology): “Besides, we controlled the models using the growth rate of GDP (GDP_GRW) to verify the possible dependence of the bank performance on the state of the economy in each country (Chih et al., 2010; Shen et al., 2016; Wu & Shen, 2013).”
An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance with Moderating Effects of CEO Power and Ownership Structure: A Case Study of the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan (2019, background): “[155] reported that return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are the best performance measures for CSR activities.”
ESG Performance and Shareholder Value Creation in the Banking Industry: International Differences (2019, methodology): “Moreover, in order to explain Tobin’s Q, we consider a set of financial variables which are very common in the analysis of banking institutions such as bank size [12,15–17,37,38], return on asset [16,37,38], leverage [4,15,16,36], Tier1 [12,17,37], and the Gross Domestic Product of the country where”