Harm and Offence in Media Content: A Review of the Evidence

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In their own words: What bothers children online? (2014, background): “Beyond children’s actions, these social contexts are shaped by media regulators and parents (Millwood Hargrave and Livingstone, 2009).”
Risky experiences for children online: charting European research on children and the Internet (2008, background): “Thus it is difficult at present to determine how far the risks associated with exposure to potentially harmful content or contacts translates into an increase in, or change in, the nature of, actual harms experienced by children (Millwood Hargrave & Livingstone, 2006).”
CHILDREN AND ONLINE RISK (2009, background): “Research has made less progress in addressing the difficult but important relation between risk (measured through surveys of children’s risky experiences) and harm (e.g. measured through clinical or criminal reports (Millwood Hargrave & Livingstone 2009)).”
Digital Natives? New and Old Media and Children's Outcomes (2011, background): “It has been argued that excessive hours of viewing by itself leads to overconsumption of inappropriate types of content (Hancox et al., 2005; Millwood Hargrave & Livingstone, 2006).”