Field trials against Hoplia philanthus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with a combination of an entomopathogenic nematode and the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae CLO 53

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Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future. (2015, background): “…combinations with chemicals (Koppenhöfer et al., 2002; Polavarapu et al., 2007; 1702 Koppenhöfer and Fuzy, 2008; Reis-Menini et al., 2008), microbial agents (e.g., M. anisopliae 1703 s.l.) (Ansari et al., 2004; 2006a; Acevedo et al., 2007) and arthropod predators (Premachandra et 1704 al., 2003).”
The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei and Metarhizium anisopliae work synergistically in controlling overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in strawberry growbags (2010, background): “Nematode-fungus combinations generally result in additive effects on target mortality, but in some cases, mortality caused by the individual agents was too high to allow for significant improvement (Koppenhofer and Grewal 2005; Ansari et al. 2006).”
Combined use of entomopathogenic nematodes and Metarhizium anisopliae as a new approach for black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, control (2008, methodology): “bacteriophora (Ansari et al., 2008a) were included in this study. All nematode species were maintained in final instar Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using a procedure described by Kaya & Stock (1997).”