Combined use of entomopathogenic nematodes and Metarhizium anisopliae as a new approach for black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, control

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Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future. (2015, background): “…or nutrient-based granules containing fungal propagules (conidia or 1128 mycelia) (Brownbridge, 2006; Charnley and Collins, 2007; Jaronski, 2007; Ansari et al., 2008; 1129 Jaronski and Jackson, 2008), whereas foliar-feeding pests have typically been targeted by sprays 1130 of formulated conidia…”
Natural and released inoculum levels of entomopathogenic fungal biocontrol agents in soil in relation to risk assessment and in accordance with EU regulations (2010, background): “…combining with other agents (e.g., synthetic chemicals, entomopathogenic nematodes, neem) to obtain synergistic effects (Butt et al. 2001; Fan et al. 2007; Shah, Ansari, Prasad, and Butt 2007a; Wang and St. Leger 2007; Ansari, Shah, and Butt 2008; Shah, Gaffney, Ansari, Prasad, and Butt 2008).”
The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei and Metarhizium anisopliae work synergistically in controlling overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in strawberry growbags (2010, methodology): “This strategy would be of immense economic benefit to growers because the fungal and nematode biocontrol agents could be used at significantly reduced application rates (Ansari, Shah, Tirry, and Moens 2006; Ansari et al. 2008).”