Plasma Cytokine Parameters and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

By M. Rauchhaus, W. Doehner, D. Francis, C. Davos, M. Kemp, C. Liebenthal, J. Niebauer, J. Hooper, H. Volk, A. Coats and 1 more. Circulation, 2000

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Neutrophils orchestrate post-myocardial infarction healing by polarizing macrophages towards a reparative phenotype (2016, background): “We show that neutrophil-depleted mice subjected to MI had worsened cardiac function, increased fibrosis, and a progressive increase in biomarkers associated with HF.”
IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia--the good, the bad, and the ugly. (2005, background): “In a study by Rauchhaus et al [95] serum TNF-R1 was the strongest and most accurate predictor of cardiac failure, independent of other markers of CHF severity.”
Anemia is associated with worse symptoms, greater impairment in functional capacity and a significant increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. (2002, background): “Increased levels of plasma cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor in HF patients are associated with higher NYHA functional class (17) and increased HF mortality (18).”
Altered intestinal function in patients with chronic heart failure. (2007, background): “lasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor ecrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, are long known to be related o disease severity in CHF patients (1) and to predict poor urvival (2).”