Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals.

By Oliver A.H. Jones, Nikolaos (Nick) Voulvoulis, J. Lester. Water Research, 2002

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Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater. (2012, background): “Pathways to humans and groundwater from human and animal pharmaceuticals are set out by Boxall et al. (2002), Halling-Sørensen et al. (1998) and Jones et al. (2002).”
Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment--a review. (2012, neutral): “Compounds Species assayed Test (endpoint) Toxicity (mg/004C) References PNEC (μg/L) Acetaminophen DAPHNIA EC50 (24 h) 136 Stuer-Lauridsen et al. (2000) 1 Daphnia EC50 (48 h) 9.2 Stuer-Lauridsen et al. (2000) S. proboscideu LC50(24 h) 29.6 Stuer-Lauridsen et al. (2000) Fish EC50 ECOSAR 1 Sanderson et”
Carbamazepine (CBZ) induced enzymatic stress in gill, liver and muscle of a common carp, Cyprinus carpio (2012, background): “It is an antiepileptic drug widely used to control seizures disorders, for relief of neuralgia, and for a variety of mental disorders (Jones et al., 2002; RxList, 2006).”
Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals. (2006, methodology): “…ests (Halling-Sorensen et al., 1998; Jones et al., 2 anderson et al., 2003) In the absence of experime al data, information is often derived from quantita tructure–activity relationships (QSAR) predictio or example by applying the EPA’s ECOSAR progr Jones et al., 2002; Sanderson et al., 2004a).”