Biofouling in water systems – cases, causes and countermeasures

By H. Flemming. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2002

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Dangerous hitchhikers? Evidence for potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. on microplastic particles. (2016, background): “Being highly heterogeneous environments, biofilms offer important ecological advantages such as the accumulation of nutrients, as protective barrier, for mechanical stability (Flemming, 2002) or the formation of micro-consortia of different species that orchestrate the degradation of complex substra”
Marine and Industrial Biofouling (2009, methodology): “Monitoring is of particular importance when water treatment is the primary approach to prevention of biofouling in industrial systems (Bruijs et al. 2001 ; Flemming 2002) .”
Microbial Biofouling: Unsolved Problems, Insufficient Approaches, and Possible Solutions (2011, background): “It is observed in many different fields ranging from ship hulls, oil, automobile, steel, and paper production, food, beverage industries to water desalination and drinking water treatment, storage, and distribution (Flemming 2002; Henderson 2010).”
Biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes: Role of biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure (2007, background): “Flemming et al. [9,31, 32 ] described biofilm development on RO membranes and the consequences of biofouling, most notably flux decline and decrease in salt rejection.”
Chemical and physical methods for characterisation of biofilms (2007, background): “biofilms on surfaces) [11, 12] or biocorrosion (destruction of materials) [13].”