Biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes: Role of biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure

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The effect of silver nanoparticle size on performance and antibacteriality of polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane (2012, background): “Silver is believed to be non-allergic and non-toxic to mammalian living tissue and also environmentally friendly [20] by some researchers.”
Organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes: Fouling reversibility and cleaning without chemical reagents (2010, positive): “Alginate has been extensively used in membrane fouling research to represent polysaccharides that constitute a major fraction of soluble microbial products in wastewater effluent [25, 26 ].”
Thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes functionalized with graphene oxide–silver nanocomposites for biofouling control (2017, methodology): “Ordinary procedures such as pretreatment and 64 chemical cleaning are being used to mitigate biofouling [5, 6].”
A comprehensive review on surface modified polymer membranes for biofouling mitigation (2015, background): “Herzberg and Elimelech [33] showed that the hydraulic resistance of the biofilm on the membrane surface mainly results from the EPS produced by live bacterial cells.”