Seeing “us vs. them”: Minimal group effects on the neural encoding of faces

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Political Neuroscience: The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship (2014, methodology): “Using ERP methods , Ratner and Amodio ( 2013 ) demonstrated that even arbitrary group distinctions led partici - pants to process ingroup faces differently than out - group faces—and in just 170 milliseconds .”
On the ideology of hypodescent: Political conservatism predicts categorization of racially ambiguous faces as Black (2013, background): “Furthermore, Chen and Hamilton (2012) point out that racial categorization (e.g., Ratner & Amodio 2013; Van Bavel, Packer, & Cunningham, 2011) is altered when participants are explicitly given a biracial response option.”
The Minimal Group Paradigm and its maximal impact in research on social categorization (2016, background): “For example, Ratner and Amodio [27] investigated the initial”
Intergroup Perception and Cognition: An Integrative Framework for Understanding the Causes and Consequences of Social Categorization (2017, methodology): “Unless someone has a motivation to move beyond the simple perceptual cues of outgroup faces, these faces are unlikely to receive extensive processing (Ratner & Amodio, 2013).”