Neuroprotection by estradiol.

By L. Garcia-Segura, Í. Azcoitia, L. Doncarlos. Progress in neurobiology, 2001

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Wired for reproduction: organization and development of sexually dimorphic circuits in the mammalian forebrain. (2002, background): “…in the IGF-I signal transduction pathway and nongenomic mechanisms for estrogen signaling such as those mediated by the mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (see below) may underlie many of the interactions between estrogen and IGF-I on neural development (Garcia-Segura et al. 2001).”
Neuroprotective effects of estradiol in hippocampal neurons and glia of middle age mice. (2007, background): “Estrogens are neuroprotective hormones (Behl, 2002; Garcı́a-Segura et al., 2001; McEwen et al., 2001) and they positively control neurogenesis.”
Estrogen Actions in the Brain and the Basis for Differential Action in Men and Women: A Case for Sex-Specific Medicines (2010, background): “associated molecules, such as G-proteins, insulin-like growth factor 1, and metabotropic glutamate receptors (which are linked to G-proteins) have emerged as means by which membrane ERs can trigger intracellular second-messenger signaling systems and affect cellular responses (Garcia-Segura et al., ”