State-of-Charge Determination From EMF Voltage Estimation: Using Impedance, Terminal Voltage, and Current for Lead-Acid and Lithium-Ion Batteries

By Martin Coleman, Chi Kwan Lee, Chunbo Zhu, William Gerard Hurley. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982. Print), 2007

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Hierarchical Control for Multiple DC-Microgrids Clusters (2014, methodology): “There exist several advanced methods to estimate SOC [27].”
Estimation of State of Charge, Unknown Nonlinearities, and State of Health of a Lithium-Ion Battery Based on a Comprehensive Unobservable Model (2014, methodology): “In [4], the electromotive force (EMF) voltage of the battery is used to predict SoC.”
An Improved Battery Characterization Method Using a Two-Pulse Load Test (2008, background): “There are many electrical circuit models available to describe the electrochemical processes and dynamics of a battery [6]– [9].”
State-of-Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Neural Networks and EKF (2010, methodology): “As a result, the battery model is reduced to an RC model, where the governing differential equation between the voltage and current is of the first order [16], [30], [31].”