Perceived risk, displacement and refuging in brown bears:positive impacts of ecotourism?

By Owen T Nevin, B. K. Gilbert. 2005

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Brown bear habituation to people—safety, risks, and benefits (2005, background): “These females may have learned that some other bears, which may be a threat to their cubs’ survival, avoid close proximi- ty to people (Peirce and DeBruyn 1999, Nevin and Gilbert 2005).”
Quiet, Nonconsumptive Recreation Reduces Protected Area Effectiveness (2008, background): “In addition, the impacts of nonconsumptive recreation on mammalian carnivores are rarely investigated (for example, Nevin & Gilbert 2005 ).”
Consequences of brown bear viewing tourism : A review (2017, background): “…and respond with typical anti-537 predator behaviours (Ordiz et al., 2011; Støen et al., 2015), such as changes in vigilance 538 or displacement (Nevin and Gilbert, 2005a; Rode et al., 2006b), even at well-539 established bear viewing sites (e.g. Braaten and Gilbert, 1987; Olson et al., 1997;…”