Quiet, Nonconsumptive Recreation Reduces Protected Area Effectiveness

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A Global Perspective on Trends in Nature-Based Tourism (2009, background): “This analysis showed that, expressed per head of population, visits to natural areas in the United States and Japan (as well as participation in duck-hunting and fishing in the United States, but not hiking, camping, or other hunting) have declined since the late 1980s (though for contrasting US fig”
Human activity influences wildlife populations and activity patterns: implications for spatial and temporal refuges (2021, background): “…refuges have been recommended to conserve some wildlife species that share landscapes with human recreationists that are sensitive to human use (Reed and Merenlender 2008, Switalski and Jones 2012, Larson et al. 2019), but few studies and recommendations address the importance of temporal…”
Mesopredator spatial and temporal responses to large predators and human development in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California (2015, background): “However, we expected areas with higher human activity would reduce temporal niche partitioning by restricting wildlife activities during diurnal hours (George and Crooks, 2006; Reed and Merenlender, 2008).”
Dogs Canis familiaris as carnivores: their role and function in intraguild competition (2009, background): “Recent studies have shown avoidance or change in activity patterns by carnivores in multiuse recreation areas used by humans with dogs (George & Crooks, 2006; Lenth et al., 2008; Reed & Merenlender, 2008).”