China's rural labor market development and its gender implications

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Migration and rural poverty in China (2005, result): “Differences were smaller for younger cohorts, but migration was still greater for men, a finding similar to earlier studies of migration in China (Zhao, 1999, Rozelle et al, 1999), but in contrast to recent research that shows similar rates of migration by men and women in much of rural China (Zhang”
Gender and Modern Supply Chains in Developing Countries (2012, background): “…other hand, if women are the ‘contracted party’ themselves they might have a higher bargaining power over the derived income because they directly receive cash earnings or wages from the agro-industry, and because these earnings are more directly attributable to their labour (Zhang et al., 2004).”
Left behind to farm ? women's labor re-allocation in rural China (2009, background): “Davin (1999) and Zhang et al. (2004) have argued that through becoming decisionmakers and managers of productive activities women who are left behind may be empowered and hence better off.”
Labor Migration and Time Use Patterns of the Left-behind Children and Elderly in Rural China (2011, background): “…participation rates peak for men and women, respectively, in the 46-55 age group and 36-45 age group (de Brauw et al 2008: Table 3); for off-farm work, participation rates for men and women are highest for the age groups, respectively, 21 to 25 years and 16 to 20 years (Zhang et al 2004: Table 2).”