Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action

By C. Krehbiel, S. Rust, Guolong Zhang, S. Gilliland. 2003

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Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production. (2010, result): “In beef cattle, the overall results led Krehbiel et al. (2003) to conclude that probiotics, potentially, increase some growth parameters when fed to finishing cattle; however, effects on performance have not been consistent.”
Special topics--Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. (2013, positive): “A meta-analysis by Krehbiel et al. (2003) reported a generally positive trend for improved health in young, growing dairy or beef cattle treated with various DFM (mainly based on Lactobacillus and Streptococcus and in some cases Propionibacterium spp.).”
Direct-fed microbials for ruminant animals. (2010, background): “Both dairy and beef cattle fed DFM showed improved growth performance, milk and meat production, and feed efficiency in many experiments (Ghorbani et al., 2002; Nocek et al., 2002; Krehbiel et al., 2003; Stein et al., 2006).”