A multi-bead overlapping model for robotic wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)

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Current Status and Perspectives on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) (2019, methodology): “A method named tangent overlapping model was proposed to approximate the bead cross-section by means of functions (parabola, cosine and arc) [104].”
A review of wire arc additive manufacturing and advances in wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium (2018, background): “(17) re-established 9 the critical distance between the centres of adjacent weld beads which is 0.”
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Review on Recent Findings and Challenges in Industrial Applications and Materials Characterization (2021, methodology): “[72] developed a single bead model using parabola, cosine and arc functions.”
Wire-feed additive manufacturing of metal components: technologies, developments and future interests (2015, background): “A more accurate multi-bead overlapping model for the determination of the optimal centre distance has been established recently, so that a stable overlapping process can be achieved for mild steel [74].”
Fusion zone geometries, cooling rates and solidification parameters during wire arc additive manufacturing (2018, unknown): “Analytical models have been used to predict build geometry [16,17] and surface topology [18].”
Bead modelling and implementation of adaptive MAT path in wire and arc additive manufacturing (2016, methodology): “Referring to our previous work [21], the tangent overlapping model (TOM) is described as follows.”