What is Equality? Part 1: Equality of Welfare

By R. Dworkin. 1981

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Artificial Intelligence, Values, and Alignment (2020, background): “If these preferences are counted, then they have the potential to restrict the freedom or happiness of those people in various ways (Dworkin, 1981).”
Fairness in Machine Learning: Lessons from Political Philosophy (2017, background): “However, others have argued that the failure to treat people as individuals cannot plausibly be the essence of wrongful discrimination Schauer (2009); Dworkin (1981); Lippert-Rasmussen (2014).”
Inequality of Opportunities vs. Inequality of Outcomes: Are Western Societies All Alike? (2008, background): “…equality of opportunity requires compensating the in(cid:29)uence of social origin on individual outcomes, regardless of the channel through which it operates , as social origin lies beyond individual responsibility and choice (see for instance Dworkin (1981), Arneson (1989), and Roemer (1993)).”
Equality of opportunity and luck: Definitions and testable conditions, with an application to income in France (2009, background): “This has led egalitarian philosophers such as Rawls (1971), Dworkin (1981a) (1981b), Sen (1985), Cohen (1989) or Arneson (1989, 1990) to claim that distributive justice does not entail the equality of individual outcomes but only requires that individuals face equal opportunities for outcome.”
Equality of Opportunity (1998, background): “When Shorrocks (1980) advocated the use of the variance, he observed in his conclusion that when one thinks about the contribution of one source to inequality, one can wonder either about how much inequality is left when the impact of this inequality factor is neutralized, or about how much inequali”
On the apparent conflict between individual and group fairness (2019, background): “things need to be distributed according to some egalitarian principle [2, 13, 20, 42, 45, 51].”
Ranking Sets of Objects (2001, background): “We will come across examples of that nature later on in this chapter.”
Ending Extreme Poverty and Sharing Prosperity: Progress and Policies (2015, background): “17 World Bank (2005) refers to the theories by John Rawls (1971), Amartya Sen (1985), Ronald Dworkin (1981a, 1981b), and John Roemer (1998). 18 Indicators based on mean income growth tend to penalize the less well-off.”
Inequality of opportunity in the land of opportunities, 1968–2001 (2009, background): “The distinction of factors generating interindividual income differences between on the one hand those resulting from individual responsibility, commonly called effort ,a nd on the other hand those exogenous to individual choices, called circumstances ,h as been strongly supported over the last 20 y”
Meritocracy and Economic Inequality (2001, background): “Other proposals can be seen in Arneson (1989), Cohen (1989), Dworkin (1981), Roemer (1985 and 1994), Van Parijs (1995), and Walzer (1983), among other contributions.”