Law, Social Standing and Racial Disparities in Imprisonment

By George S. Bridges, Robert D. Crutchfield. 1988

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Citations in the corpus

Achieving Fairness through Adversarial Learning: an Application to Recidivism Prediction (2018, background): “We challenge these notions: if black people are more likely to become incarcerated in the US than white people when controlling for criminal behavior (Bridges & Crutchﬁeld, 1988), black inmates should not be punished for our biases with harsher recidivism predictions.”
Effects of Individual and Contextual Characteristics on Preadjudication Detention of Juvenile Delinquents (2005, background): “Bridges and Crutchfield (1988) argue that Black offenders residing in urban areas with higher violent-crime rates are at higher risk of formal control and consequently receive more severe punishments than White offenders.”
A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research: Explaining the Inconsistencies (2005, background): “Several theorists contend that large populations of minorities are perceived as threatening (Blalock, 1967; Bridges and Crutchfield, 1988; Myers and Talarico, 1986; Sampson and Laub, 1993), particularly when combined with economic inequality (Myers and Talarico, 1986; Sampson and Laub, 1993) and h”
Racial and ethnic disparity in pretrial criminal processing (2005, background): “…that a variety of community-level characteristics affect sentencing decisions, including percent Black in a county or Black–White income inequality (Bridges & Crutchfield, 1988; Crawford, 2000; Crawford, Chiricos, & Kleck, 1998), and while-fixed effects models cannot be used to discover what…”
Difference, Disparity, and Race/Ethnic Bias in Federal Sentencing (2002, background): “Raceethnic minorities are viewed as threatening to the social order warranting greater social control efforts ( Bridges and Crutchfield, 1988 ).”
AN ANALYSIS OF PAROLE DECISION MAKING USING A SAMPLE OF SEX OFFENDERS: A FOCAL CONCERNS (2006, result): “The failure to detect a race effect is surprising given prior research (Bridges and Crutchfield, 1988; Steffensmeier and Demuth, 2000, 2001; Ulmer and Johnson, 2004), which suggests that decision makers perceive minority males as unique threats to the community.”
A Multilevel Analysis of Community Effects on Criminal Sentencing (2005, unknown): “…and outcome measures, especially imprisonment rates (e.g., Austin & Allen, 2000; Bailey, 1981; Beckett & Sasson, 2000; Box & Hale, 1982, 1985, 1986; Bridges & Crutchfield, 1988; Carroll & Doubet, 1983; Chiricos, 1987; Holmes, Hosch, Daudistel, Perez, & Graves, 1996; Jacobs, 1978; Jankovic, 1977;…”