Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects

By James N. Druckman, Thomas J. Leeper. 2012

329 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Communication, Political Science and International Relations, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4cdce9808c33b9a057f3836e24ef7f6d6dbfc4b8

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Citations in the corpus

Cross-Sample Comparisons and External Validity (2014, methodology): “First, scholars have begun to think more critically about how the experimental process affects the types of conclusions drawn from experiments (Barabas and Jerit 2010; Druckman and Leeper 2012).”
The Minimal Persuasive Effects of Campaign Contact in General Elections: Evidence from 49 Field Experiments (2017, background): “Consistent with these findings, Page and Shapiro (1992, 45) find “a remarkable degree of stability” in aggregate public opinion (see also Druckman and Leeper 2012a).”
The Effects of Issue Salience, Elite Influence, and Policy Content on Public Opinion (2016, background): “According to Druckman and Leeper (2012), the pretreatment environment refers to the context surrounding a particular political issue.”
The consequences of online partisan media (2021, background): “Further, our study was conducted during the Trump presidency, when a polarized and high-volume political media environment plausibly pretreated these engaged citizens, potentially attenuating the effects of our randomized encouragements (46).”
Believing and sharing misinformation, fact-checks, and accurate information on social media: The role of anxiety during COVID-19 (2021, background): “…that participants have been ‘pretreated’—that is, they have seen COVID-19 messages that are similar to our stimuli, or their anxiety is already elevated—which would make it particularly difficult for our stimuli to “move” those who are most likely to form strong beliefs (Druckman and Leeper, 2012).”
Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Public Opinion Formation (2014, background): “As another example, Redlawsk (2002) argues that memory-based processing might emulate accuracy-motivated reasoning, but Druckman and Leeper (2012) suggest that memory-based processing encourages recency biases.”
Does Engagement in Advocacy Hurt the Credibility of Scientists? Results from a Randomized National Survey Experiment (2017, background): “In other words, by selecting the polarized issue of climate change, we all but guaranteed null effects, since Americans have already formed strong attitudes about climate change that are resistant to change (Druckman & Leeper, 2012; Krosnick & Petty, 1995).”