Why Leaves Turn Red

By David W. Lee, K. Gould. American Scientist, 2002

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PROSPECT-D: towards modeling leaf optical properties through a complete lifecycle (2017, unknown): “Among the identified functions of anthocyanins are the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus from damage due to excess light (Lee and Gould, 2002), environmental stresses such as freezing or air pollution, plant pathogens, and predation (Lev-Yadun and Gould, 2008).”
Phenolic Compounds: Introduction 50 (2013, background): “In this scenario, therefore, color and preference coevolve in an arms race: autumn colors are an adaptation of the trees to reduce their parasite load, and insect preference for green is an adaptation to find the most suitable host trees [115–120].”
What do red and yellow autumn leaves signal? (2007, background): “Lee and Gould (2002b), Lee (2002), Gould (2004), and Sherratt et al. (2005) interpreted the hypothesis of handicaprelated coloration as described by Archetti (2000) and Hamilton and Brown (2001) as a case of aposematism, notwithstanding the different view of the authors.”
Anthocyanin Function in Vegetative Organs (2008, background): “Reflecting the resurgence of scientific interest in anthocyanin (and betalain) function in vegetative organs, several reviews have been written on this topic in recent years (Chalker-Scott 1999, 2002; Hoch et al. 2001; Gould et al. 2002b; Lee and Gould 2002a, 2002b; Steyn et al. 2002; Close and Be”