PINNIPED LACTATION STRATEGIES: EVALUATION OF DATA ON MATERNAL AND OFFSPRING LIFE HISTORY TRAITS

By Tyler Schulz, W. Bowen. 2004

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The population decline of the New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri: a review of possible causes (2011, result): “At the Auckland Islands, NZ sea lion absolute pup growth rate is also low compared to that of Steller sea lions, Californian sea lions and southern sea lions Otaria flavescens (Higgins et al. 1988, Boness et al. 1991, Cappozzo et al. 1991, Schulz & Bowen 2004, Chilvers et al. 2007).”
THE EVOLUTION OF LACTATION STRATEGIES IN PINNIPEDS: A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS (2005, methodology): “We collated 12 life-history, physiological, behavioral, and ecological variables of pinnipeds in a previous study (Schulz and Bowen 2004).”
Capital or income breeding? A theoretical model of female reproductive strategies (2007, background): “Lower metabolic overheads during the provisioning phase are often cited as an advantage of capital breeding (e.g., Schulz and Bowen 2004, 2005 ), a factor exaggerated by our assumption of an instantaneous capital phase.”
Summer foraging areas for lactating New Zealand sea lions Phocarctos hookeri (2005, background): “Female otariids are constrained to forage near their breeding colonies as they suckle their offspring for long periods (4 mo to 3 yr) and the pup fasts while their mother is absent (Schulz & Bowen 2004).”