The development of an integrated routing and carbon dioxide emissions model for goods vehicles

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A review of recent research on green road freight transportation (2014, methodology): “7) was studied by Palmer (2007) who considered CO2 emissions models in the context of the vehicle routing routing with time windows (VRPTW).”
Optimization of Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows for Cold Chain Logistics Based on Carbon Tax (2017, methodology): “Carbon emission factors were introduced by Li et al. [17] to establish a low-carbon path model, and they designed an improved tabu search algorithm for research; the VRP model and the carbon emission model were constructed by Palmer [18], which mainly analyzed the influence of velocity on the carbon”
Analysis of Travel Times and CO2 Emissions in Time‐Dependent Vehicle Routing (2012, methodology): “The effect of speed changes is incorporated in the work of Palmer (2008).”
Operations Research for green logistics - An overview of aspects, issues, contributions and challenges (2011, background): “Palmer (2007) introduces these objectives in vehicle routing models.”