A clearer vision for in vivo imaging

By Ralph Weissleder. Nature Biotechnology, 2001

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Gold nanostars: surfactant-free synthesis, 3D modelling, and two-photon photoluminescence imaging (2012, background): “due to superior tissue penetration at that spectral range [11, 12].”
Bimetallic Nanoparticles: Enhanced Magnetic and Optical Properties for Emerging Biological Applications (2018, background): “MRI measures the change in magnetization of protons under a magnetic field exposed to a radio frequency pulse [36].”
Photo-thermal tumor ablation in mice using near infrared-absorbing nanoparticles. (2004, background): “This optical tunability permits the fabrication of nanoshells with a peak optical absorption in the NIR, a region of light where optical penetration through tissue is optimal [12].”
Selective laser photo-thermal therapy of epithelial carcinoma using anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles. (2006, background): “Light in the region between 650 and 900 nm has a penetration depth of at least several centimeters depending on the types of the tissue [29].”
Assessment of the Evolution of Cancer Treatment Therapies (2011, background): “NIR light has been shown to travel at least 10 cm through breast tissue and 4 cm through skull/brain tissue and deep muscle using microwatt laser sources (FDA class 1), while light at higher power levels (FDA class 3) has been shown to penetrate through 7 cm of muscle and neonatal skull/brain [86].”