On the Fracture Toughness of Advanced Materials

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On the Mechanistic Origins of Toughness in Bone (2010, background): “However, fracture is actually the result of a mutual competition of (a) intrinsic damage mechanisms ahead of a crack tip that promote cracking and (b) extrinsic shielding mechanisms, mainly behind the tip, that impede cracking (27, 28).”
Cracks, microcracks and fracture in polymer structures: Formation, detection, autonomic repair (2016, methodology): “An analogous nonlinear elastic fracture mechanics approach may be used based on the critical J-integral (JIC) [305,306], where J is the nonlinear elastic strain energy release rate and hence equivalent to G under linear elastic conditions [293].”
Architectured materials in engineering and biology: fabrication, structure, mechanics and performance (2015, methodology): “Larger building blocks also represent larger obstacles for cracks, which in general lead to higher fracture toughness.(123,124) In TIMs the building blocks are in the orders of tens of millimetres in size, which are fabricated using traditional methods (casting, machining), laser sintering(125) or 3”
A damage-tolerant glass. (2011, background): “In this regard, the properties of toughness and strength are invariably mutually exclusive in essentially all classes of material”