Fiber-Optic Distributed Strain and Temperature Sensing With Very High Measurand Resolution Over Long Range Using Coherent OTDR

By Y. Koyamada, Mutsumi Imahama, Kenya Kubota, Kazuo Hogari. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2009

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Characteristics and Explanations of Interference Fading of a $\phi $ -OTDR With a Multi-Frequency Source (2013, methodology): “A temperature and strain sensing system was presented by using the jagged wave and a frequency-controlled light source, showing high measurand resolutions [14], [15].”
Optical Fiber Distributed Acoustic Sensors: A Review (2021, neutral): “Cross correlation between vibration and non vibration regions with full scale on vertical axis and extended scale on vertical axis respectively [58].”
Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Sensing Schemes Based on Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry: Signal Model Under Static Fiber Conditions (2015, background): “Several papers have proposed backscattering models based on discrete [28], [29] and continuous [30] scattering, a number have discussed the statistical properties of the Rayleigh backscatter [31], [32].”
Phase-sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometer Assisted by First-order Raman Amplification for Distributed Vibration Sensing Over >100 km (2014, background): “Temperature and strain measurements have also been demonstrated by analyzing the cross-correlation of φOTDR traces with different input wavelength pulses [6].”
Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Based on Rayleigh Scattering (2013, background): “[165-167], where source and receiver of the φOTDR have been optimize so to achieve the required sensitivity and resolution.”