Have International Transportation Costs Declined

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Corporate diversification: the impact of foreign competition, industry globalization, and product diversification (2008, background): “Numerous forces have contributed to rising globalization, including reductions in multilateral and regional trade barriers (Krueger, 1995), reduced costs of international transport and communications (Hummels, 1999), and reform and greater global integration of capital markets (Sachs and Warner, 199”
Can Vertical Specialization Explain the Growth of World Trade? (2003, unknown): “y2(z) ́ y 2 (z) + y 2 (z) = x2 (z) + x2 (z) (27)”
Why is China so Competitive? Measuring and Explaining China's Competitiveness (2006, unknown): “15 Hummels (1999) provides evidence that transportation costs overall have not declined in the post-war period, casting doubt on their role in explaining global trade growth.”
Zeros, Quality and Space: Trade Theory and Trade Evidence (2007, methodology): “Figure 3 uses this data to illustrate that between 1990 and 2005, the relative price of air to ocean liner shipping for U.S. imports fell by nearly 40%, continuing the trend documented by Hummels (1999).”
Fragmentation and parts and components trade: Comparison between East Asia and Europe (2007, background): “Hummels (1999) argues that air-freight costs have dramatically fallen all over the world.”
Globalization and Inequality: Historical Trends (2001, background): “Hummels (2000) concludes that ocean freight rates have actually increased.”