Fragmentation and parts and components trade: Comparison between East Asia and Europe

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Gravity Chains: Estimating Bilateral Trade Flows When Parts and Components Trade is Important (2011, unknown): “As long as it does, then we know that the mis-specification of the mass variable will also lead to a bias in the pair-wise variables.11 10 Athukorala and Yamashita (2006), Kimura et al (2007), Yokota and Kazuhiko (2008), and Ando and Kimura (2009).”
Vertical specialization across the world: a relative measure (2009, background): “Swenson (2005) examines the US offshore assembly program between 1980 and 2000 and concludes that these operations grew strongly in that period.”
International Production and Distribution Networks in East Asia: Eighteen Facts, Mechanics, and Policy Implications* (2006, background): “…for distance (Distance), economic size (Exporter_GDP and Importer_GDP), income level (Exporter_per capita GDP and Importer_per capita GDP), and others, East Asia has more trade in machinery parts and components trade than the world “average,” while Europe has less (Kimura et al. , 2005).”
Global Value Chains and the Productivity of Canadian Manufacturing Firms (2014, background): “More recently, an increasing number of studies have documented the magnitude and growth of GVC trade (Hummels et al. 2001; Kimura et al. 2007; Sydor 2011).”