The Third Force? Independent Regulatory Agencies and Elected Politicians in Europe

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Regulation, the Regulatory State and European Politics (2008, result): “…and competition authorities have been able to argue that something along the lines of a ‘regulatory state’ has emerged across European countries, other studies highlighted formal differences in terms of institutional authority, autonomy and responsibilities (see Gilardi 2002; Thatcher 2002, 2005).”
Governance Frameworks for Public Project Development and Estimation (2009, background): “• The economic-rational perspective – Agency theory (Eisenhardt, 1989) and principal-agent theory (Thatcher, 2005): agents with self interest – Public choice theory (Christensen, 2007) and stewardship theory (Clarke, 2004) that allows for agents to have motivations other than self-interest – Stakeho”
Reshaping european regulatory space: An evolutionary analysis (2008, background): “…regulatory agencies (IRAs), but there are considerable differences in their institutional form, ambitions, capacity and relationships with politicians, incumbent suppliers and new entrants (see Coen and Thatcher 2005; Coen and Héritier 2005; Gilardi 2005; Levi-Faur 2005; Thatcher 2002a,b).”