Tadpole Locomotion: Axial Movement and Tail Functions in a Largely Vertebraeless Vertebrate1

By K. Hoff, R. Wassersug. 2000

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Body shape, burst speed and escape behavior of larval anurans (2005, unknown): “Additional studies have shown that several species exhibit color markings on their tails in regions where an attack will likely result in only a torn tail rather than death (Doherty et al. 1998, Blair and Wassersug 2000, Hoff and Wassersug 2000).”
The Lure Effect, Tadpole Tail Shape, and the Target of Dragonfly Strikes (2003, background): “…morphology do not swim faster than those with typical morphology (Van Buskirk and McCollum, 2000a), and experimental reduction of tail size affects swimming performance only after large fractions of the tail have been removed (Hoff and Wassersug, 2000; Van Buskirk and McCollum, 2000b).”
Predator‐specific changes in the morphology and swimming performance of larval Rana lessonae (2005, background): “However, recent studies indicate predator-induced variation in tadpole tail shape has very little effect on swimming performance (Hoff & Wassersug 2000; Van Buskirk & McCollum 2000) and small tadpoles have virtually no time to initiate an escape response during an attack by larval dragonflies…”