The Lure Effect, Tadpole Tail Shape, and the Target of Dragonfly Strikes

By J. Van Buskirk, P. Anderwald, S. Lüpold, L. Reinhardt, H. Schuler. 2003

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Body shape, burst speed and escape behavior of larval anurans (2005, unknown): “Higher activity increases the probability of encountering sit-and-wait predators and clearly plays a role in the susceptibility of tadpoles to predation, however other morphological and performance factors are also important (Watkins 1997, Van Buskirk 2001, Van Buskirk et al. 2003).”
Predator‐specific changes in the morphology and swimming performance of larval Rana lessonae (2005, background): “Instead it seems the larger tails may be used to attract predator-strikes away from the more vulnerable head–body region towards the more expendable tails (Van Buskirk et al. 2003).”
Evolutionary ecology of inducible morphological plasticity in predator–prey interaction: toward the practical links with population ecology (2009, background): “For example, many species of amphibian larvae increase their tail depth to reduce their vulnerability to predators because an enlarged tail may enhance swimming performance (Dayton et al. 2005) or attract the predator to a less vital part of their body such as the head (Van Buskirk et al. 2003).”