The impact of light skin on prison time for black female offenders

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Racial categories in machine learning (2018, background): “Indeed, it is neither the case that race can be reduced to phenotype, nor that phenotype can be reduced to race: there is broad empirical evidence that shows that intraracially among people identified as black, the lighter skinned are treated favorably by schools and the criminal justice system comp”
The Relationship Between Skin Tone and School Suspension for African Americans (2013, background): “However, Viglione et al.’s (2011) analysis went further than just suggesting an advantage for white women over African American women in the ability to draw sympathy from judges and juries.”
Colorism in the Classroom: How Skin Tone Stratifies African American and Latina/o Students (2016, background): “Darker-skinned African Americans and those with more African (and less Anglo) facial features experience longer sentences for the same crimes when compared to lighter-skinned African Americans (Pizzi, Blair, & Judd, 2005; Viglione et al., 2011).”