Pathways to impact and the strategic role of universities: new evidence on the breadth and depth of university knowledge exchange in the UK and the factors constraining its development

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Universities and open innovation: the determinants of network centrality (2019, background): “2012; Hughes and Kitson 2012).”
Rethinking the Commercialization of Public Science: From Entrepreneurial Outcomes to Societal Impacts (2018, background): “However, the transfer of science and technology into application also occurs through many other pathways (Hughes & Kitson, 2012), often based on informal interactions between scientists and industry personnel, including consulting (Grimpe & Fier, 2010; Link, Siegel, & Bozeman, 2007).”
From productive interactions to impact pathways: Understanding the key dimensions in developing SSH research societal impact (2019, background): “Finally, it is unsurprising that commercialization features as a pathway; several studies identified it as a pathway of science-society collaboration, even if its popularity with policymakers belies the extent to which it is used in practice (Hughes and Kitson 2012).”
Public/private in higher education: a synthesis of economic and political approaches (2018, background): “For example, basic research in universities, together with its connections to commercial and non-pro ﬁ t organisations, directly and indirectly generates both public and private goods in complex feedback loops (Hughes and Kitson 2012).”