Overview of biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production.

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Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Nanocellulose: Structure and Chemical Process (2014, background): “Furthermore, recovery of organic solvents causes increase of energy consumption for the whole process [85].”
The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol (2016, background): “To overcome these environmental problems, there is a shift toward the production of biofuel from non-food biomass sources, such as lignocellulosic and algal biomass sources, which are also known as the second- and third-generation biofuel crops, respectively (Badger, 2002; Zheng et al., 2009; Brenna”
Progress in Physical and Chemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass (2013, methodology): “, by microwaves, gamma rays, electron beams, and ultrasonications), and extrusion (subjecting the biomass to heating, mixing, and shearing) are used for this propose (Taherzadeh and Karimi 2008; Zheng et al. 2009).”