Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Nanocellulose: Structure and Chemical Process

By H. Lee, Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid, S. K. Zain. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014

622 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Lignocellulosic biomass is a complex biopolymer that is primary composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The presence of cellulose in biomass is able to depolymerise into nanodimension biomaterial, with exceptional mechanical properties for biocomposites, pharmaceutical carriers, and electronic substrate's application. However, the entangled biomass ultrastructure consists of inherent properties, such as strong lignin layers, low cellulose accessibility to chemicals, and high cellulose crystallinity, which inhibit the digestibility of the biomass for cellulose extraction. This situation offers both challenges and promises for the biomass biorefinery development to utilize the cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Thus, multistep biorefinery processes are necessary to ensure the deconstruction of noncellulosic content in lignocellulosic biomass, while maintaining cellulose product for further hydrolysis into nanocellulose material. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure basis for biomass recalcitrance, reengineering process of lignocellulosic biomass into nanocellulose via chemical, and novel catalytic approaches. Furthermore, review on catalyst design to overcome key barriers regarding the natural resistance of biomass will be presented herein.

Subfields: Biomaterials, Biomedical Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/105b45ab43911525da378b6256ee1bac1bb9dd36

How researchers see this paper

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In Biomaterials

1. A. Dufresne
2. Ning Lin
3. I. Ahmad
4. H. Kargarzadeh
5. Sabu Thomas
6. Jin Huang
7. M. Mariano
8. A. F. Tarchoun

In Biomedical Engineering

1. I. Ahmad
2. A. Dufresne
3. Sabu Thomas
4. D. Trache
5. H. Kargarzadeh
6. A. F. Tarchoun
7. N. Brosse
8. Ning Lin

Citations in the corpus

• Lignocellulosic Biomass: Understanding Recalcitrance and Predicting Hydrolysis (2019, background): “Cellulose and hemicelluloses are intimately associated together through hydrogen bonds (Lee et al., 2014), meanwhile lignin are covalently linked to hemicelluloses to form lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) (Tarasov et al.”
• Nanoedible films for food packaging: a review (2019, background): “Carbon Resour Convers 1:32–43 [58] Lee HV, Hamid SBA, Zain SK (2014) Conversion of lig-”
• Ball milling as an important pretreatment technique in lignocellulose biorefineries: a review (2021, background): “These make the process expensive due to the requirement of chemicals, corrosion-resistant equipment, and additional processes such as filtration and washing steps [77].”
• Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties and Thermal Stability of Organosolv and Kraft Lignins from Hardwood and Softwood Biomass for Their Potential Valorization (2020, background): “1 Chemical structures of lignin (p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol) [73]”
• Advances in cellulose nanomaterials (2018, background): “In fact, removal of lignin is necessary to enhance fibers digestibility up to the point where cellulose is exposed for solubilisation process and prepared for hydrolysis (Lee et al. 2014).”