Tubular photobioreactor design for algal cultures.

By E. Molina, J. Fernández, Francisco Gabriel Acién, Y. Chisti. Journal of Biotechnology, 2001

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Botryococcus braunii: A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and Other Chemicals (2002, background): “Productivity can be enhanced further by culturing the cells at an optimal light–dark cycling frequency (Molina et al., 1999, 2000, 2001).”
Large-Scale Production of Algal Biomass: Raceway Ponds (2016, background): “Such high levels of dissolved oxygen can reduce the rate of photosynthesis (Becker 1994; Molina et al. 2001) and adversely affect the biomass productivity (Mendoza et al.”
A review on microalgae, a versatile source for sustainable energy and materials (2011, background): “The photobioreactors have minimum contamination while having the advantage of using the solar light and higher amount of CO2 [2,35,58].”
Microalgal bioreactors: Challenges and opportunities (2009, background): “Fully closed tubular photobioreactors are potentially attractive for large-scale axenic culture of microalgae and is one of the more suitable types for outdoor mass culture [19, 40].”
Third generation biofuels from microalgae (2010, unknown): “Tubular PBRs can be horizontal/serpentine- [29], near horizontal- [30], vertical- [31], inclined- [32] and conical-shaped [33].”