The Socioeconomic Determinants of Ill‐Gotten Gains: Within‐Person Changes in Drug Use and Illegal Earnings1

By Christopher Uggen, Melissa Thompson. American Journal of Sociology, 2003

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Continuity and Change in Gang Membership and Gang Embeddedness (2013, background): “Later work identified the dynamic nature of criminal embeddedness and its role in the building of criminal capital (McCarthy and Hagan 1995), leading to dense criminal network ties, leadership positions within the criminal network and increased illegal earnings (Uggen and Thompson 2003).”
Examining the Sources of Variation in Risk for Recidivism (2011, background): “For example, the pharmacological effects of certain drugs have been linked to erratic behavior (Fagan, 1990), and drug use provokes an illegal earnings imperative (Uggen & Thompson, 2003; Wright & Decker, 1997).”
Women Coming Home: Long‐Term Patterns of Recidivism (2010, background): “In addition, Uggen and Thompson (2003) highlight the economic needs created by drug use, as women often turn to the illegal market to fund their drug habits.”
NEW ECONOMICS OF SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY (2002, background): “Similarly, Uggen & Thompson (1999) find that legal employment decreased the returns to offending in a sample of offenders, addicts, and youth dropouts who were followed for a three-year period (however, see Uggen 2000).”