Continuity and Change in Gang Membership and Gang Embeddedness

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‘Going viral’ and ‘Going country’: the expressive and instrumental activities of street gangs on social media (2017, background): “(Male, 15, Group 5) The above highlights a gang structure in which more senior or ‘embedded’ (see Pyrooz, Sweeten, and Piquero 2013) gang members, known as olders, were responsible for coordinating and casting the music videos.”
Disengagement from Gangs as Role Transitions (2014, background): “The concept of role exit is particularly useful for understanding exits from gangs, as the duration of membership typically lasts no more than a few years (Krohn & Thornberry, 2008; Pyrooz et al., 2012).”
Disengaging From Gangs and Desistance From Crime (2013, background): “only one previous study has addressed gang-related research questions (Pyrooz et al., 2012) and our study materially builds from that effort.”
What Do We Know About Gangs and Gang Members and Where Do We Go From Here? (2013, background): “Recent work on gang desistance (Pyrooz & Decker, 2011; Pyrooz, Decker, & Webb, 2010; Pyrooz et al., 2012) demonstrated the role of the symbolic bonds between members (ties) in understanding how the process of departing from the group occurs.”