Beyond the gap: functions of unpaired connexon channels

By D. Goodenough, D. Paul. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology, 2003

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Astrocyte control of synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling. (2006, background): “Although release through hemi-channels (234) and P2X7 receptors (46) has been proposed, effective release requires the presence of low divalent saline to promote opening of these channels (67, 101).”
Gap junctions and the connexin protein family. (2004, background): “However, in some connexin genes, the untranslated regions and the reading frame are spliced.”
Osteocytes, mechanosensing and Wnt signaling. (2008, background): “Connexins not only form gap junctions but can function as un-apposed halves of gap junction channels called hemichannels, not requiring physical contact with adjacent cells (41).”
Molecular communication for nanomachines using intercellular calcium signaling (2005, background): “Intercellular Ca waves are also mediated by diffusion of signals through an external signaling pathway that involve extra-junctional connexons [3].”