Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking. Part I: introduction to concepts, power transfer, dynamics and simulations.

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Toward fast policy search for learning legged locomotion (2012, background): “While muscle-based biomechanical systems have favorable properties [28] and shield the control system from a variety of problems inherent to technical systems [27], the reduction of dimensionality is not amongst them.”
Model-based estimation of muscle forces exerted during movements. (2007, background): “, 1992; Winter, 2005), muscles are not represented and the approach provides no information on muscular load sharing, agonist–antagonist activity, energy transfer between joints via biarticular muscles, and dynamic coupling (van den Bogert, 1994; Zajac et al., 2002).”
Flexing computational muscle: modeling and simulation of musculotendon dynamics. (2013, methodology): “Over the past two decades, muscle-driven simulations have been used in a wide variety of applications, including the analysis of human walking [1–6], running [7,8], jumping [9], cycling [10,11], pathological gait [12–16], functional electrical stimulation [17], orthopedic surgeries [18], and workpla”
The emulation theory of representation: Motor control, imagery, and perception (2004, background): “Inverse dynamical computational strategies exist with regard to the redundancy problem arising in the computations of individual muscle torques (Zajac et al. 2002).”