Flexing computational muscle: modeling and simulation of musculotendon dynamics.

By M. Millard, Thomas K. Uchida, Ajay Seth, Scott L. Delp. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2013

623 citations recorded by the source corpus.

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How to build a dinosaur: Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals (2020, methodology): “Moreover, muscles are frequently connected to bones via in-series tendons, and the compliance of these tendons can further modulate the force-producing capacity of themuscle (Millard et al. 2013; Cox et al. 2019).”
CEINMS: a toolbox to investigate the influence of different neural control solutions on the prediction of muscle excitation and joint moments during dynamic motor tasks (2015, neutral): “…the stiff tendon has been shown to produce large force errors for increasing ratios of optimal fibre length (l m 0 ) and tendon slack length (l t s Þ (Millard et al., 2013), the integration of ODEs can be unsuccessful due to high system stiffness when a muscle is inactive and muscle damping is…”
Is my model good enough? Best practices for verification and validation of musculoskeletal models and simulations of movement. (2015, background): “[98] reported mean absolute force errors of 9% for maximal activation tests and 16% for submaximal activation tests.”
Full-Body Musculoskeletal Model for Muscle-Driven Simulation of Human Gait (2016, methodology): “9% [42] when the muscle developed maximum isometric force (F m o ).”