Reconstructing the Risk-Need-Responsivity model: A theoretical elaboration and evaluation

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Where has all the psychology gone?: A critical review of evidence-based psychological practice in correctional settings (2014, background): “…within corrections focus almost exclusively on offending behavior (Casey et al., 2013; Ward, Gannon, & Birgden, 2007; Harvey & Smedley, 2012) minimizing other aspects of associated need such as trauma, abuse, general mental health, and life quality (Ward & Maruna, 2007; Ward et al., 2007).”
The Relationship Between Matching Service to Criminogenic Need and Recidivism in Male and Female Youth (2012, background): “According to Ward, Mesler, and Yates (2007), one of the major criticisms of the RNR model has been the distinction made between criminogenic and noncriminogenic needs, as targeting noncriminogenic needs is a necessary condition for any intervention that requires offenders to be attentive and…”
An appraisal of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment (2012, background): “Rehabilitation theories are not aetiological or explanatory theories in the usual sense, but hybrids that bring together theoretical and other resources needed for treatment (Ward et al., 2007).”