An appraisal of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment

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Where has all the psychology gone?: A critical review of evidence-based psychological practice in correctional settings (2014, background): “A number of previous reviews have critiqued the RNR Model (see Polaschek, 2012; Ward, Melser, & Yates, 2007).”
Dynamic risk and protective factors (2016, background): “Importantly, the absence of criminogenic needs was implicitly considered to indicate the presence of a strength, but this distinction was rarely explicitly formalised in the operational application of the risk and need (RNR) model (Polaschek, 2012), which led to criti-”
Rehabilitation: Beyond Nothing Works (2013, methodology): “It is not sacrosanct but is one possible approach to be improved upon (Porporino 2010; Polaschek 2012).”
How well do dynamic needs predict recidivism? Implications for risk assessment and risk reduction (2013, background): “During this paradigm shift, the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model (Andrews, Bonta, & Hoge, 1990; Andrews & Bonta, 2010) has emerged as the primary evidencebased framework for moving correctional research into practice (Ogloff & Davis, 2004; Polaschek, 2012; Ward, Melser, & Yates, 2007).”